So with the help of Frigid Moth, JonathanOstrus, and a few others from Discord, doing extensive testing of various mechanics, we have found a few potential bugs with the reflective damage in the game.
Thorns
First of all Thorns itself does not benefit from any additional damage modifiers that we have found. Damage increased Enchants (flat %, % against large enemies, % of currently durability, etc.), Damage increased when the enemy is low health, and any damage enchant that comes with a durational buff, such as from the Utility rune, or a conditional enchant that adds damage for 10 seconds after fulfilling a specific condition. Ring of Broken Promises: % Damage increased does not work. Even tried the Fetid Club and it did not work either. It also does not benefit from Physical Damage enchants. Echoes from the Crucible also do not affect thorns.
Thorns does seem to be affected by Armor Pen as well as the armor/resists of the enemy though. Dealing less damage typically to enemies that have armor or resists toward the element they hit you with. Obviously you can’t have Armor Pen and Thorns on the same item at the same time, so it’s a rather moot point.
Damage On Block/Parry/Dodge
Now these do benefit from specific enchants, most notably from the Sinew weapon which increases damage against enemies that are at low health. They also gain increased damage from Armor Penetration as well as the added Physical damage enchants. They DO NOT receive benefits from any other enchants that add damage though. Such as the ones listed above.
So to reiterate:
Thorns
Thorns does not benefit from any damage increases other than stacking more thorns.
Thorns appear to deal less damage based on enemy armor/resists.
Thorns benefits from Armor Penetration but since it shares an enchant slot with Thorns, its a moot point.
Damage on Block/Parry/Dodge
Benefits from:
Sinew: Damage increased against low health enemies
Armor Penetration
Physical Damage
DOES NOT benefit from:
Damage Increase enchants (conditional or not)
Damage increase enchants that come in the form of a buff with a duration
Echoes adding damage